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This answer has been rewritten since the downvote.
I learned from and upvoted @FDS’s answer here, because it is good and correct. But, here’s a form I find easier to read and understand.
So, here is my preferred version:
Explanation:
- The
"$?"part means “the exit or return code from the previous command”. - The
ps --pid "$pid"command returns exit code0if the specified PID ("$pid") is running, and some other number if not. - Doing
> /dev/nulldiscards all output printed tostdout, since we don’t want to see it. Rather, all we want is the exit code ("$?") from theps --pid "$pid"command to see if that PID is running. More specifically, using> /dev/nullredirectsstdoutoutput to the/dev/nullpseudofile, whose purpose is to discard all incoming input.
pid=1234
ps --pid "$pid" > /dev/null
if [ "$?" -eq 0 ]; then
echo "PID $pid exists and is running."
fi
Running shellcheck path/to/this_script.sh tells me I should actually do it the other way (as @FDS shows) to avoid redundancy. See the shellcheck output here:
eRCaGuy_hello_world/bash$ shellcheck check_if_pid_exists.sh
In check_if_pid_exists.sh line 46:
if [ "$?" -eq 0 ]; then
^--^ SC2181: Check exit code directly with e.g. 'if mycmd;', not indirectly with $?.
For more information:
https://www.shellcheck.net/wiki/SC2181 -- Check exit code directly with e.g...
Notice especially this part:
SC2181: Check exit code directly with e.g. ‘
if mycmd;‘, not indirectly with$?.
See the full description for this error code here: https://github.com/koalaman/shellcheck/wiki/SC2181.
So, shellcheck recommends this form instead:
pid=1234
if ps --pid "$pid" > /dev/null; then
echo "PID $pid exists and is running."
fi
If you want to adjust to doing it that way, go for it. But, if you’d rather do it my way because you consider my way easier to read and understand, as I do, then you can optionally disable that shellcheck warning by adding # shellcheck disable=SC2181 above that line, like this:
My final and preferred answer
ps --pid "$pid" >/dev/null
# shellcheck disable=SC2181
if [ "$?" -eq 0 ]; then
echo "PID $pid exists and is running."
else
echo "PID $pid does NOT exist."
fi
The key takeaway here, however, is to never insert any command, not even an echo or print statement, between the command being checked (ps in this case) and checking the error code with "$?", or else checking the error code will accidentally check the error code from the latest command, such as the inserted echo or print statement, instead of from the command of interest (ps in our case)!
That’s the main reason shellcheck recommends what they do: they want to make sure you’re checking the error code of the correct command.
Other than that, it’s just a pedantic opinion-based-discussion-equivalent to the argument in C about how you should check for NULL (null pointer) values:
// The way preferred by pedantic people who don't want to "be redundant" with
// an "unnecessary" `== NULL` check:
if (!some_ptr)
{
printf("ERROR: null ptr.\n");
return;
}
// Versus the more-readable and understandable way which I prefer to use
// whenever my peers will approve it without a fight or long argument
if (some_ptr == NULL) // in C
// if (some_ptr == nullptr) // in C++
{
printf("ERROR: null ptr.\n");
return;
}
// Note: I just want to get my code merged and move on with life, so if they
// won't easily approve my preferred version above, I'll switch to the other,
// more-pedantic version of code to try to get a quick approval so I can be
// more productive.
// There are few things more discouraging than being blocked over
// silly "pedantry" when your code is correct, bug-free, well-written, and does
// what it says it does.
So, just as which way you choose to check for NULL values (null ptrs) in C is purely a matter of taste, which way in bash you choose to check for error codes/return codes is also purely a matter of taste. Currently, I prefer the version above I have marked as “My final and preferred answer”.
Anyway, here is a full, runnable program
check_if_pid_exists.sh from my eRCaGuy_hello_world repo:
#!/usr/bin/env bash
pid=1234
if [ "$#" -gt 0 ]; then
# At least 1 argument was passed in, so assume it is the PID
pid="$1"
fi
# Try to print the process (`ps`) information for this PID. Send it to
# /dev/null, however, so we don't actually have to look at it. We just want
# the return code, `$?`, which will be 0 if the process exists and some other
# number if not.
ps --pid "$pid" > /dev/null
# shellcheck disable=SC2181
if [ "$?" -eq 0 ]; then
echo "PID $pid exists and is running."
else
echo "PID $pid does NOT exist."
fi
Sample run calls and output:
eRCaGuy_hello_world/bash$ ./check_if_pid_exists.sh 28876
PID 28876 exists and is running.
eRCaGuy_hello_world/bash$ ./check_if_pid_exists.sh
PID 1234 does NOT exist.
eRCaGuy_hello_world/bash$ ./check_if_pid_exists.sh 5678
PID 5678 does NOT exist.
You can find valid PIDs (Process IDs) to send to my script by first running ps aux and choosing a PID to pass to it.
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