Cargo passes some metadata to the compiler through environment variables, a list of which can be found in the Cargo documentation pages.

The compiler environment is populated by fill_env in Cargo’s code. This code has become more complex since earlier versions, and the entire list of variables is no longer obvious from it because it can be dynamic. However, at least the following variables are set there (from the list in the docs):

CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR
CARGO_PKG_AUTHORS
CARGO_PKG_DESCRIPTION
CARGO_PKG_HOMEPAGE
CARGO_PKG_NAME
CARGO_PKG_REPOSITORY
CARGO_PKG_VERSION
CARGO_PKG_VERSION_MAJOR
CARGO_PKG_VERSION_MINOR
CARGO_PKG_VERSION_PATCH
CARGO_PKG_VERSION_PRE

You can access environment variables using the env!() macro. To insert the version number of your program you can do this:

const VERSION: &str = env!("CARGO_PKG_VERSION");

// ...

println!("MyProgram v{}", VERSION);

If you want your program to compile even without Cargo, you can use option_env!():

const VERSION: Option<&str> = option_env!("CARGO_PKG_VERSION");

// ...

println!("MyProgram v{}", VERSION.unwrap_or("unknown"));