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I am using Laravel Filament v3 and encountered an issue when generating a resource. I generated the resource using the following command: php artisan make:filament-resource Anggota --generate The resource generation completed successfully, but I am experiencing strange behavior in the ...
The following custom Shortcode, will display a text imput field (with a submit button) where user can enter a coupon code to be applied. Usage: [coupon_field] or in Php code echo do_shortcode("[coupon_field]"); The code: add_shortcode( 'coupon_field', 'display_coupon_field' ); function display_coupon_field() { ...
Explain – Representation of a Set (Class 11 – Maths). Please also Provide Some examples.
Explain – Biological Classification (NCERT Class 11 Chapter 2 Biological Classification).
Notes for NCERT Class 11 Chapter 2 Biological Classification: Biological classification is the process by which biologists group living organisms which, are classified on the basis of their similarity. Classification is essential for the convenient study of living organisms. It is required to identiRead more
Notes for NCERT Class 11 Chapter 2 Biological Classification: Biological classification is the process by which biologists group living organisms which, are classified on the basis of their similarity. Classification is essential for the convenient study of living organisms. It is required to identify different varieties of organisms. It helps in the correct identification of many organisms. It leads to the evolution of organisms. It also establishes phylogenetic relationships among organisms. Carolus Linneuas was one of the scientists to classify organisms.
NCERT Class 11 Biology Chapter 02 Biological Classification: The practice of classifying organisms based on shared characteristics is known as biological classification. Linnaeus proposed two areas of classification. He divided organisms into two kingdoms: the animal kingdom (Animalia) and the plant kingdom (Plantae). The classification of the two kingdoms had some disadvantages, such as the impossibility of distinguishing between eukaryotes and prokaryotes, unicellular and multicellular species, and photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic organisms. As a result, the field continued to grow and served as a primary example of R.H. Whittaker’s classification of the five domains or kingdoms.
Two kingdom classification was given by a biologist, Carolus Linnaeus. He classified organisms into two kingdoms, i.e. Plantae (included all plants) and Animalia (included all animals).
This system didn’t distinguish between the following types of organisms-
In 1969, R.H. Whittaker proposed the five-kingdom classification. He classified those five kingdoms as Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. He primarily used the following criteria for classification:
Bacteria are the main members of this kingdom. Kingdom Monera is further divided into:
They are special bacteria as they can withstand extreme environmental conditions because of their different cell wall structure. They can be:
They have rigid cell walls and flagellum (locomotion), if motile. They can be photosynthetic autotrophs, chemosynthetic autotrophs and heterotrophs.
Heterocyst
They reproduce by asexual mode- binary fission, sexual mode- transfer of DNA and spore formation in unfavourable conditions.
They are the smallest organisms which lack cell walls. They can survive in the absence of oxygen (anaerobic). They cause diseases (pathogens).
They are single-celled eukaryotes. They include:
| Classification of Protista | Characteristic Features | Examples |
| Chrysophytes (chief producers in oceans) | Their cell walls form two overlapping shells, which are fit together and embedded with silica which, makes them indestructible. So, cell wall deposits and their accumulation leads to ‘diatomaceous earth’. This soil can be used to polish things, and filter oils and syrups. | Diatoms and golden algae (desmids) |
| Dinoflagellates | They show rapid multiplication and make the appearance of sea red (bioluminescence). Toxins released by them can kill other aquatic animals. | Red dinoflagellates (Example: Gonyaulax) |
| Euglenoids | They have a pellicle protein-rich layer) which keeps them flexible | Euglena |
| Slime Moulds | During suitable conditions, they form plasmodium and during unfavourable conditions, plasmodium differentiates and forms fruiting bodies (spores inside) |
Acrasia, Plasmodiophorina |
| Protozoans | They are heterotrophs and live as predators or parasites. They are classified into four types | Plasmodium |
| Protozoans | Features/Diseases Caused | Examples |
| Amoeboid Protozoans | They form pseudopodia to capture their prey. Some of them are parasites | Amoeba, Entamoeba |
| Flagellated Protozoans | Sleeping sickness, a disease caused by the parasitic forms | Trypanosoma |
| Ciliated Protozoans | Cilia (locomotion) and gullet, a cavity is present on the body | Paramoecium |
| Sporozoans | Some species cause malaria | Plasmodium |
Fungi are multicellular and the how heterotrophic mode of nutrition (saprophytes/parasites/symbiotic- mycorrhiza). Some fungi are unicellular, e.g. yeast.
Mushrooms and yeast are the most valuable fungi. Mushrooms are edible and are a good source of proteins. Yeast is used to make bread and cheese. Penicillium fungi are used to produce antibiotics.
Some fungi cause diseases in both plants and animals, e.g. wheat rust disease is caused by Puccinia fungus.
There are three modes of reproduction in fungi, i.e. vegetative, asexual and sexual.
In ascomycetes and basidiomycetes, the dikaryotic stage (n + n, i.e., two nuclei per cell) is formed, known as dikaryon and the phase is dikaryophase.
| Classification of Fungi | Characteristic Features | Examples |
| Phycomycetes | They grow on decaying wood in moist sites and obligate parasites on plant bodies | Mucor, Rhizopus (bread mould fungi) and Albugo (parasitic fungi on mustard) |
| Ascomycetes (sac-fungi) | Neurospora is used in biochemical and genetic work. Some are edible, e.g. morels and truffles | Penicillium, yeast, Aspergillus, Claviceps and Neurospora |
| Basidiomycetes | Some are edible, e.g. mushrooms. Mushrooms are rich in protein | Agaricus (mushroom), Ustilago (smut) and Puccinia (rust fungus), Mushrooms, bracket fungi, puffballs |
| Deuteromycetes | They are known as ‘Imperfect Fungi’ because in this group, only asexual or vegetative phases are seen. Some fungi of this group are saprophytes or parasites while the majority are decomposers of litter, which aid in mineral cycling | Alternaria, Colletotrichum and Trichoderma |
All eukaryotic organisms that contain chlorophyll, usually known as plants, are classified as Plantae. A few species, like parasites and plants that feed on insects, are partially heterotrophic. Insectivorous plants include bladderwort and Venus fly traps, and parasites like Cuscuta feed on them. The eukaryotic structure of plant cells has large chloroplasts and a cell wall comprised primarily of cellulose. Algae, bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms, and angiosperms are all part of the plant kingdom.
The haploid gametophytic and the diploid sporophytic phases of a plant’s life cycle alternate with one another. Various plant families have different haploid and diploid phase lengths and whether they are independent or reliant on others.
They are multicellular and heterotrophic (show the holozoic mode of nutrition) eukaryotes. They lack cell walls. Almost, all the animals show locomotion. Sexual reproduction occurs by the fusion of male and female gametes which give rise to an embryo followed by repeated cell divisions.
The differences between viruses, viroids and prions are given below:
| Viruses | Viroids | Prions |
| They are oblique intracellular agents | They are oblique intracellular agents | They are the abnormal form of a cellular protein |
| They have either DNA or RNA which is surrounded by a protein coat | They consist of only RNA. The protein coat is absent | They don’t possess DNA or RNA. Only protein coat is present |
Bacteriophages are also known as phages. These are the viruses which infect and replicate in the bacterial cells.
The tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) consists of single-stranded RNA. It infects tobacco plants and members of the family Solanaceae. The infection can cause some patterns like a mosaic, which shows mottling and discolouration on the surface of the leaves.
The close association of fungus and algae form lichens. They are found in a pollution-free environment. Lichens are used in deodorant, pH papers, insense-sticks, toothpaste and perfumes. The fungal component is known as mycobiont and the algal component is known as phycobiont.
Answer:
Heterotrophic Bacteria: They help with nitrogen fixation, ammonification and nitrification. In addition, Rhizobium bacteria, they maintain soil fertility. Other members produce dairy products such as cheese and cottage cheese. Archaebacteria: Methanogens in animal feces produce biogas.
Answer:
Plant-like features are:
- Euglena has plastids which help in photosynthesis
- Some of the species of euglena have carotenoid pigments, which give it red colour
Animal-like features are:
- Euglena doesn’t have a cell wall
- Flagella are present for locomotion
Answer:
See lessMushroom and yeast are the most useful fungi. Mushrooms are edible and are a good source of proteins. Yeast is used to make bread and cheese. Penicillium fungi is used to produce antibiotics.
The Living World – Introduction, Classification, Characteristics, FAQs (Class 11 – Biology)
The living world is a complex network of interconnected organisms that engage in metabolism, reproduction, and response to environmental cues. We are aware of how intricately connected everything in the living world is. The diversity of living forms on earth gives it a wonderful environment to liveRead more
The living world is a complex network of interconnected organisms that engage in metabolism, reproduction, and response to environmental cues. We are aware of how intricately connected everything in the living world is. The diversity of living forms on earth gives it a wonderful environment to live and thrive. The abundance of diversity suggests the presence of numerous species with unique characteristics. The fact that an organism is either a living thing or a non-living entity is its most striking characteristic. As a result, in order to distinguish between a living item and a non-living one, we first need to define what a “living being” actually is.
Any organism that breathes and moves is considered ‘Living’. Any life form that exhibits or possesses the qualities of life or being alive is referred to as a living thing. The basic traits include having an organized structure, requiring energy, reacting to stimuli and changing their surroundings, and having the ability to reproduce, grow, move, metabolize, and die. The three Domains that make up the current classification of living things are Bacteria, Archaea, and Eucarya.
All living organisms grow and increase in mass and number of individuals. Growth, reproduction, ability to sense the environment and mount a suitable response is unique features of living organisms. Given below are some characteristic features of the Living world:
The process of moving out waste material from the body is known as excretion.
Locomotion is a term used to describe a movement of an organism from one place to another.
A large variety of anything is known as diversity. Diversity is a vast term to include different species, genes, and ecosystem levels. Thomas Lovejoy introduced the term biological diversity in 1980.
A large variety of organisms or terms used to refer to the number of varieties of plants and animals on earth is termed biodiversity. there are three types of biodiversity: genetic, species, and ecological diversity. There are over 15 Lakh species in the world of which 10 Lakh are animals(8 Lakh of insects and 2 Lakh of others) and 5 Lakh of plants.
The scientific naming of organisms is known as nomenclature. Nomenclature is defined as the language of sculpture. The scientific name of mango is written as Mangifera indica.
Rules of Nomenclature
ICBN International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (This is for giving scientific names to plants).
ICZN International Code of Zoological Nomenclature(This is for giving scientific names to animals).
Grouping organisms into categories on the basis of similarities and differences is known as classification. classification is the process by which anything is grouped into systematic categories based on some easily observable characteristics. For example, we easily recognize groups such as plants or animals, dogs or cats, insects, or reptiles.
Classification is done to organize the vast number of plants and animals into categories that could be named, remembered, studied, and understood. classification avoids confusion among the different varieties of organisms. Moreover, it makes the study of organisms easier.
The study of principles and procedures of classification is termed taxonomy. Based on characteristics, all living organisms can be classified into different taxa. This process of classification is taxonomy.
A. P. Candolle is credited with coining the term “taxonomy,” which refers to the seven main taxonomic categories. It is the listing of categories from the top-most kingdom to the bottom-most species, either in ascending or declining orders. There are two kinds in the hierarchy: intermediate and mandatory. From kingdoms to species, Obligate is rigidly adhered to, yet Intermediate is the exact reverse.
Answer:
- Phylum– Classes comprising animals like fishes, amphibians, reptiles, and birds along with mammals constitute the higher category called phylum. All these, based on the common features like the presence of notochord and dorsal hollow neural system, are included in phylum Chordata.
- Class– This category includes related orders. For example- the order primate comprising monkey, gorilla, and gibbon is placed in class Mammalia along with the order Carnivora which includes animals like tiger, cat, and dog.
Answer:
The key is defined as the taxonomical aid used to identify and classify plants and animals based on their similarities and differences. Keys are generally analytical in nature.
Answer:
Taxon is plural of taxa, it is the taxonomic unit of any rank. ARISTOTLE is known as the father of taxonomy.
Answer:
See lessLiving organism are classified due to the following reasons:
- To make study of organism easy.
- To avoid confusion.
- To learn the interrelationship among the various organisms.
What is Physics? Definition, History, Importance, Scope (Class 11)
The most curious mind out of all the species is the mind of homosapiens. Humans are always curious about the nature around them and the magic laws on which it functions. The sun always rises in the east and sets in the west, the moon appears at night and the sun appears in the day, and so on. All thRead more
The most curious mind out of all the species is the mind of homosapiens. Humans are always curious about the nature around them and the magic laws on which it functions. The sun always rises in the east and sets in the west, the moon appears at night and the sun appears in the day, and so on. All these questions not on make humans curious but make them think and discover about the different theories of nature and by doing so, humans soon started discovering physics in order to discover the world and its mystery. Let’s learn what is physics in more detail,
The word “science” has been originated from a word in the Latin dictionary named “Scientia” which means “to know”. Therefore, in one way, it can be said that science is nothing but to know the working of everything, from nature to machines. Under science, a category well known is nature science, which is the study of the physical world around humans. Physics, chemistry, biology, geology, all these fields lie under nature science.
A basic discipline of nature sciences is physics. Physics is also a word taken from the Latin dictionary which means nature. In Sanskrit, it is known as “Bhautiki” which is the physical world around. The definition of physics is not accurately present but it can be said that physics is the study of all basic laws of nature and their manifestation in a different phenomenon.
Physics as a whole explains the diverse physical phenomenon with respect to concepts and laws. For instance, from the falling off an apple on the ground and the law associated with it to the revolving of planets around the sun, to electromagnetism and its effects, physics defines it all. The major concept involved in physics is the use of basic approaches for bigger and complex problems, the process of solving a complex problem by breaking them into smaller parts is called reductionism. Then the act of unifying different laws is called unification.
The word science has been originated from a Latin word named “Scientia” which means “to know”. The word “Physics” has been originated from a Greek word named “Phusike” which means nature. In Sanskrit, physics is called “Vigyaan” which means “knowledge”, all of these words simply tell that physics is as old as the human species. Early civilizations like Egypt, India, Greece, etc, made a significant contribution in the field of physics. From the 16th century, Europe participated heavily and contributed. By the mid-twentieth century, science became an international enterprise and the rapid growth in the very field is on. The two major approaches in physics are already described above, they are unification and reductionism.
The scope of physics can be majorly understood by looking at its sub-divisions. There are basically two types of studies in physics, macroscopic physics, and microscopic physics. Macroscopic physics deals with phenomena on a terrestrial, astronomical scale, while microscopic physics deals with the phenomenon on an atomic, molecular, or nuclear scale. The macroscopic study is done mostly in classical physics that includes subjects like mechanics, thermodynamics, etc. The microscopic study is the study of the structure of the atom, etc. Classical physics is unable to contribute in this field and currently, quantum theory is referred for the microscopic level studies.
Therefore, it can be said that the scope of physics is really very vast. The study covers a plethora of physical quantities like length, mass, time, energy, etc. From the study of smallest quantities (ranging up to 10-30 or less) to the study of the quantities on an astronomical level (ranging up to 1020 or more).
Force is seen and experienced on a daily basis and is available on both macroscopic and microscopic levels. At a macroscopic level, apart from gravitational force, several kinds of forces are experienced, for instance, muscular force, contact forces, the elongation or compression of elastics, etc. On a microscopic level, there are electric and magnetic forces, nuclear forces, etc. Although, it was further observed that most of the forces defined or explained are derived from four fundamental forces. The four fundamental forces in nature are,
FG = (G M1M2)/r2
FG = Gravitational force
M1, M2 = Masses1 and 2.
r = distance between the center of the masses.
Question 1: Which of the four fundamental forces is the weakest and the strongest?
Answer:
The weakest force in nature is the gravitational force and the strongest force in nature is the strong nuclear force.
Question 2: What are the laws of conservation in nature?
Answer:
Following are the laws of conservation in nature:
- Law of conservation of mass.
- Law of conservation of energy.
- Law of conservation of momentum.
- Law of conservation of charge.
Question 3: On what two things the scope of physics is defined?
Answer:
The two things on which the scope of physics is defined are unification and reductionism. Unification is the physics of unifying all laws. Whereas, reductionism is the process of solving complex problems by breaking them into simpler parts.
Question 4: What part of the study is not handled by the classical study of physics?
Answer:
The microscopic study of the physical world is not handled by classical physics. A new field termed quantum theory handles the study of physics at the microscopic level.
Question 5: Give an example of a weak nuclear force.
Answer:
See lessThe weak nuclear force is observed in a few nuclear processes. An example of a weak nuclear force is the β-decay of the nucleus.
Imagine a very haphazard world where no categories are divided to memorize and classify things separately, a world like this will be full of chaos and mess, this is why humans prefer to categorize things and classify them to neatly understand and remember them. The same case happens in mathematics,Read more
Imagine a very haphazard world where no categories are divided to memorize and classify things separately, a world like this will be full of chaos and mess, this is why humans prefer to categorize things and classify them to neatly understand and remember them. The same case happens in mathematics, studying math involves dealing with a lot of data, and when the data can be grouped, it is preferred to group them and categorize them, hence, Sets come into play.
What are the Sets in Mathematics?
Sets are defined as the collection of well-defined data. In Math, a Set is a tool that helps to classify and collect data belonging to the same category, even though the elements used in sets are all different from each other, they all are similar as they belong to one group. For instance, a set of different outdoor games, say set A= {Football, basketball, volleyball, cricket, badminton} all the games mentioned are different, but they all are similar in one way as they belong to the same group (outdoor games).
The set is denoted as a capital letter, for example, set A, set B, etc., and the elements belonging to the set are denoted as a small letter, and they are kept in curly brackets {}, for example, set A= {a, b, c, d}, as it is clear that a, b, c, d belong to set A, it can be written a ∈ A, do p belong to set A? No. Therefore, it will be written as, p∉ A.
Representation of Sets
Sets can be represented in two ways, one is known as the Roster form and the other is famous as the Set-Builder form, these two forms can be used to represent the same data, but the style varies in both cases.
Roster Form
In Roster Form, the elements are inside {}⇢ Curly brackets. All the elements are mentioned inside and are separated by commas. Roster form is the easiest way to represent the data in groups. For example, the set for the table of 5 will be, A= {5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35…..}.
Properties of Roster Formrelations of Sets:
Set-Builder Form
In Set-builder form, elements are shown or represented in statements expressing relations among elements. The standard form for Set-builder, A= {a: statement}. For example, A = {x: x = a3, a ∈ N, a < 9}
Properties of Set-builder form:
Order of the Set
The order of the Set is determined by the number of elements present in the Set. For example, if there are 10 elements in the set, the order of the set becomes 10. For finite sets, the order of the set is finite, and for infinite sets, the order of the set is infinite.
Sample Problems
Question 1: Determine which of the following are considered assetsin and which are not.
Answer:
Question 2: Represent the following information inSet-Builder the Roster form.
Answer:
Question 3: Express the given information in the Set-Builder form.
Answer:
Question 4: Convert the following Sets given in Roster form into Set-Builder form.
Answer:
Question 5: Give an example of the following types of Sets in both Roster form and Set-builder form.
Solution:
Question 6: What is the order of the given sets,
Answer:
Question 7: Express the given Sets in Roster form,
Answer:
See less